Introduction
Copper, an essential trace element, serves as a crucial catalytic cofactor in vital biological processes, including mitochondrial respiration, antioxidant defense, iron metabolism, and enzymatic reactions within the tricarboxylic…

Copper, an essential trace element, serves as a crucial catalytic cofactor in vital biological processes, including mitochondrial respiration, antioxidant defense, iron metabolism, and enzymatic reactions within the tricarboxylic…

The aging population is a worldwide issue. According to the World Health Organization, by 2030, approximately one in six individuals globally will be 60 years or older. Additionally, the demographic of those aged 80 and above is…

The body’s immune system can impact cardiovascular health in any number of ways. In some cases, cytokines cause inflammation that can weaken the heart and lead to fibrosis. In other cases, immune system activation can trigger blood clot…

DKD represents a major long-term complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), distinguished by the presence of proteinuria and the gradual progression to renal failure.1,2 The global incidence of DM is on an upward trajectory, with…


According to new research, Parkinson’s disease may be influenced by bacteria that originate in the mouth.
A study published recently in Nature Communications shows that an oral bacterium can settle in the gut and produce a chemical…

ISLAMABAD (AP) — Pakistan reported fewer than half as many cases of polio in 2025 than the previous year, a sign of progress in its eradication campaign even as vaccinators faced repeated militant attacks, according…